A Definitive Guide to Earthing and Bonding in Hazardous Areas
1. Introduction
This document outlines acceptable practices for earthing and bonding electrical apparatus in hazardous areas. While the topic is straightforward, it spans multiple areas of electrical expertise, making a systematic approach beneficial. Numerous codes of practice specify methods for earthing and bonding; however, the fundamental requirements remain consistent regardless of geographic location. Consequently, significant variations in requirements should not...
Photovoltaic Microinverters – Applications, Advantages and Disadvantages
Introduction
Photovoltaic (PV) microinverters are compact power conversion devices used in solar energy systems to convert direct current (DC) from individual solar panels into alternating current (AC) for use in residential, commercial, and industrial applications. Unlike traditional string inverters that handle multiple panels, microinverters are installed on each solar panel, offering several unique benefits and challenges. This document explores the...
Case Study: Shading Effect on the Performance of a Photovoltaic (PV) System
1. Introduction
Shading is one of the primary factors that negatively affect the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems. Even partial shading can significantly reduce energy output and lead to permanent damage to the system. This case study analyzes the impact of shading on a PV system using various shading scenarios, their corresponding power losses, and mitigation strategies to improve...
Shading Effect on the Performance of a Photovoltaic (PV) Panel
Shading is one of the most critical factors that negatively impact the performance of a photovoltaic panel. Even a small amount of shading can significantly reduce the energy output and efficiency of a solar panel. Below, we explore the effects of shading on PV panels in detail.
1. How Shading Affects PV Panels
A photovoltaic panel is composed of multiple solar...
Mitigation Strategies for Power Supply Disturbances in Electrical Networks
Power supply disturbances can cause significant problems in electrical networks, leading to equipment failure, data loss, and reduced lifespan of devices. Below are the main sources of power supply disturbances and effective strategies to mitigate them.
1. Internal Sources of Disturbance
These disturbances originate within the electrical network.
A. Switching Operations
Problem: Switching transformers, capacitors, or circuit breakers can cause transient surges and...