1. Introduction
Grounding systems in high-voltage substations—especially Gas Insulated Substations (GIS)—play a critical role in ensuring operational safety, equipment protection, and electromagnetic compatibility. Among the grounding approaches, mesh grounding is the most widely adopted due to its effectiveness in dissipating fault currents and limiting hazardous potentials.
This article explores the importance of mesh grounding in GIS, the relevant standards, the...
Understanding IEC 61936: Scope, Importance, and IEEE Equivalent
In the realm of high-voltage electrical installations, safety, reliability, and harmonization of standards are paramount. The IEC 61936-1 standard plays a crucial role in achieving these goals, particularly in guiding engineers, utilities, and contractors in the design and construction of high-voltage installations.
Overview of IEC 61936-1
IEC 61936-1:2021, titled "Power installations exceeding 1 kV AC and 1.5 kV...
Posted in Design on May 23rd, 2025
Design Guide – Neutral Transformer Earthing in High Voltage Generators
Introduction
Neutral earthing is a critical design aspect of high-voltage (HV) generators, ensuring safe operation, effective fault detection, and minimized damage during earth faults. Two common methods are neutral earthing resistors (NERs) and neutral grounding transformers (NGTs). For HV generators, NGTs are often preferred. This article explores the reasons for this preference and provides a detailed calculation example for...
Understanding ISO 8528-1: Generator Set Ratings, Overloads, and Duty Classes
I. Introduction
In power generation systems, particularly those using reciprocating internal combustion engines, selecting the correct generator rating is critical for performance, reliability, and compliance. The ISO 8528-1 standard defines performance criteria, rating classifications, and operational guidelines for such AC generator sets.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of ISO 8528-1, focusing on rating definitions, overload allowances, and duty classes,...
Understanding the Difference Between Codes and Standards
In the field of electrical engineering, the terms Code and Standard are frequently used—often interchangeably by those unfamiliar with their precise roles. However, understanding the difference between these two is critical, especially when dealing with compliance, design, and regulatory approvals. This article breaks down the key distinctions and clarifies which takes precedence when both...
Posted in Design on May 12th, 2025
The Significance of Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) in Variable Renewable Energy Systems
As the global energy landscape transitions toward renewable sources, maintaining grid stability while integrating variable renewable energy (VRE) systems—such as solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind turbines—has become increasingly important. One essential feature that ensures the resilience of these systems during disturbances is Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) capability.
What is LVRT?