Point-on-Wave (PoW) Switching
Definition Point-on-Wave (PoW) switching is a technique used in power systems to control the precise timing of circuit breaker operations in relation to the waveform of the alternating current (AC) …
IEC Current Transformer Accuracy Class
Current transformer (CT) accuracy class refers to how precisely a current transformer can replicate the primary current in its secondary winding, within certain tolerances, under defined conditions. CT accuracy is …
Recommended Protection Relay Grading Interval
Typical Protection Relay Timing Errors Protection relay grading intervals are critical in ensuring selective coordination in power systems. The recommended protection relay grading intervals typically depend on the type of …
Hazardous Area Classification Impact on Earthing Systems in Oil & Gas Installations
Hazardous Area Classification Oil & gas installation has areas which are classified as being Zone 1 or Zone 2 according to IEC 60079. With regards to explosion ignition of flammable …
Earthing System in Oil & Gas Installations
In oil and gas installations, earthing systems play a crucial role in ensuring safety and mitigating risks associated with electrical faults and preventing hazardous incidents such as fires, explosions, and …
Power System Overvoltages and Insulation Coordination – Part 2
This is Part 2 of this series, the first part could be found here. Insulation coordination is the “selection of the dielectric strength of equipment in relation to the voltages …