Harmonic Voltage Factor (HVF) – Limits, Effects and Migitation
A. What is HVF? The Harmonic Voltage Factor (HVF) is a measure of the distortion in a voltage waveform caused by harmonic components. It quantifies the impact of harmonics on …
Bus Protection Considerations
Selecting an appropriate bus protection scheme requires careful consideration of several factors, including bus layout, permissible switching scenarios, availability of suitable current transformers (CTs), and maintenance requirements. High-impedance bus relaying …
Comparison of Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Standards – IEC 60898-1, IEC 60947-2 and ANSI/NEMA AB3
A. Overview of Standards IEC 60898-1 Title: Circuit breakers for overcurrent protection for household and similar installations. Scope: Primarily focused on low-voltage circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light …
Philippine Electrical Code – Identification of Ungrounded Conductors
The Philippine Electrical Code (PEC), provides requirements for the identification of ungrounded conductors to ensure safety and proper operation in electrical installations. These requirements are specified in Article 2.10 – …
Book Review – Power System Analysis and Design
This book aims to provide methods for power system analysis and design, with a particular emphasis on using personal computers. The content is presented in sufficient depth to equip undergraduate …
Advantages of the TT Earthing System Over the TN Earthing System
I. Advantages TT Earthing System Reduced Fault Current Impact on the Supply Network. In a TT system, the earth fault current primarily flows through the local earth electrode, minimizing the …