1. Introduction
The transformation of modern power systems-driven by the proliferation of renewable energy, decentralized generation, and smart grid technologies-necessitates more adaptive and intelligent protection mechanisms. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool in addressing the limitations of conventional protection schemes. This report outlines the current trends, development, implementation strategies, and impacts of AI in the domain of...
Ground Fault Detection Methods in Power Systems: Techniques, Applications, and International Standards
Ground faults are one of the most common and potentially damaging disturbances in electrical power systems. They occur when a phase conductor unintentionally comes into contact with the ground or any grounded surface. Accurate and timely detection of ground faults is crucial to ensuring personnel safety, equipment protection, and system stability. This article outlines the key methods used in detecting...
Posted in Design / Lightning Protection on June 25th, 2025
Lightning Protection Requirements for Hazardous Areas: International Standards Compliance
Abstract
Hazardous areas, particularly those containing flammable gases, vapors, or dust, are highly susceptible to ignition from lightning-induced transients. Ensuring proper lightning protection in such environments is not only a safety necessity but also a regulatory requirement. This article outlines the recommended lightning protection requirements for hazardous areas in compliance with international standards such as IEC 62305, IEC 60079,...
Generator Grounding Methods and Harmonic Behavior During Ground Faults
1. Introduction
Proper grounding of generator neutrals is critical to ensure personnel safety, protect equipment, and enable effective fault detection. IEEE Std C37.101, “Guide for Generator Ground Protection,” outlines various grounding methods and their associated protection strategies. A key
consideration during ground faults is not only the magnitude of fault current , but also the presence of harmonic components,...
Posted in Design / PV Systems on June 8th, 2025
Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) for Integrating Intermittent Renewable Energy into Grid-Connected Systems
Abstract
The global push for clean and sustainable energy has increased the adoption of renewable energy systems, notably solar photovoltaic (PV) technology. However, the intermittency and variability of solar energy pose significant challenges to grid stability and reliability. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) offer a viable solution to this challenge by providing energy buffering, peak shaving, load shifting, and grid...
Mesh Grounding Design for GIS: Importance, Standards, and Analysis Tools
1. Introduction
Grounding systems in high-voltage substations—especially Gas Insulated Substations (GIS)—play a critical role in ensuring operational safety, equipment protection, and electromagnetic compatibility. Among the grounding approaches, mesh grounding is the most widely adopted due to its effectiveness in dissipating fault currents and limiting hazardous potentials.
This article explores the importance of mesh grounding in GIS, the relevant standards, the...