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Posted in Design / Safety on May 16th, 2024

Comparison Various Earthing System

The introduction to Earthing System in Oil & Gas Installations was previously discussed in this article. This article provides further explaination on the advantages and disadvantages of various earthing systems.

Earthing Arrangements

IEC 60364 distinguishes 3 types of earthing arrangements using the two letter codes (i.e. TN, TT and IT). While the first letter indicates the connection between...
Posted in Design on May 14th, 2024

Electrical Switching Transients

Basic Concepts and Simple Switching Transients

The purpose of a power system is to transport and distribute the generated electrical energy from power plants to the consumers in a safe and reliable way. Conductors are used to transport the current, transformers are used to bring the electrical energy to the appropriate voltage level, and generators are used to take care...
Posted in Design / Standards / Tutorials on May 12th, 2024

Importance of Earthing Only One End of a Cable

Multi-core cables are particularly used for control, instrumentation, computers and telecommunications. These cables carry very small currents in their conductors compared to power cables. These currents feed into very sensitive electronic circuits. The system design of these electronic circuits must take account electromagnetic interference (EMC) that can be induced into the multi-core cable conductors. To mitigate EMC, screens are...
Posted in Cathodic Protection / Design on May 8th, 2024

Cathodic Protection Of Offshpre Structures

Offshore structures comprise fixed platforms, mobile rigs, sub-sea pipelines, mooring buoys, harbours, and jetties. These are made of steel, but sometimes of concrete. All categories need cathodic protection to prevent the steel corroding in sea water. Full cathodic protection requires that all points of the steelwork have steel/sea-water potentials more negative than -0.8 V wrt Ag/AgC1. The protective current...
Posted in Design / IEC / Oil & Gas / Safety on May 2nd, 2024

Hazardous Area Classification Impact on Earthing Systems in Oil & Gas Installations

Hazardous Area Classification

Oil & gas installation has areas which are classified as being Zone 1 or Zone 2 according to IEC 60079. With regards to explosion ignition of flammable gases and vapours, it is necessary to take special precautions during installations. Whever possible, live conductor installation is avoided as the possiblity intentional or accidental contact with...
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Tutorials

MVA Method

At this times where supercomputers could fit into a mobile phone and utility softwares are always available to do particular tasks, most Electrical Engineers tend to forget how to implement …

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Short Circuit Study
What is a Short Circuit Study? A short circuit study calculates the short circuit capacity at designated locations within a...
MVA Method Short Circuit Calculation
A Short Circuit Study is an important tool in determining the ratings of electrical equipment to be installed...
MVA Method Load Flow Calculation
In previous tutorials for the MVA method, we have discussed the importance of Short Circuit Study, combining KVAs and...
MVA Method for 3-Winding Transformer
In previous tutorials, the examples provided were mostly for 2-winding transformers. In this tutorial, fault calculations for a 3-winding...
Complex MVA Method – Part 3
In Part 2, we have seen how to combine MVAs connected...
Complex MVA Method
The normal MVA method, despite its simplicity, provides only an approximate solution to determine the fault levels in a...
Complex MVA Method – Part 2
After presenting the equations that we will be using for the Complex MVA Method in Complex MVA Method – Part 4
In Part 1, Part 2, and Part...
Combining KVAs
KVAs in series. The total KVAs in series (KVAtotal) is the reciprocal sum or inverse sum of all series...

Cable Selection

Cable Selection – Single Phase Earth Conductor Sizes Fault Loop Impedance High Voltage Cable Selection – Underground Cables Selection for Motors

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Cable Selection – Single Phase
Note: This will be the first of a series of tutorials for the selection of cables. The objective of this...
Fault Loop Impedance
Note: This is the second part of a series of tutorials for cable selection. We have done cable selection based...
Cables Selection for Motors
When selecting a suitable cable size for a motor, there are more parameters to consider than when selecting cables...
High Voltage Underground Cable Selection
Unlike the other Cable Selection tutorials which deals with low voltage (LV) cables,...
Earthing Conductor Sizes
The following table lists the recommended minimum sizes of earthing conductors. Note: This serves only as a guide, calculations are...
Arc Flash Hazards
It's not too long ago that arc flash hazards has become an important part of electrical design. More clients...
IEEE 1584 Arc Flash Calculations
IEEE 1584 provides empirical formulas for determining arcing fault current, flash protection boundaries, and incident energy. The formulas are...
Time-Current Curves Using Excel – Part 1
In these articles, I have discussed the methodology on how to create time-current curves using excel.
  1. Creating Coordination Curves...
Time-Current Curves
Discrimination & coordination using Time-Current Curves
  1. TC Curves Part 1 - Introduction
  2. Time-Current Curve Part 2 – Discrimination
    In Part 1, I have discussed the basics of using excel in plotting time-current curves. In...
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Design Guides

This design guide is intended provide typical electrical installation scenarios with each scenario to include compliance to standards. As their are many ways of complying with standards,this design guide is prepared to suit the minimum standards requirements.

While design principles equally applies to larger and more projects, this design guide will not attempt to address the design needs of those installations.

Philippine Electrical Code

PEC 2009

A Design Guide according to the Philippines Electrical Code is available at Filipino Engineer Wiki

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