Time Domain Load Flow (TDLF)
Time Domain Load Flow (TDLF) is a power system analysis method that calculates the load flow (power flow) over time by considering the dynamic behavior of system components. Unlike traditional …
Transformer Protection Application Guide
This guide provides a summary of information on protecting various types of electrical equipment, with a primary focus on the application of protective relays for power transformer protection. It emphasizes …
Substation Grounding System – Why is it Required?
A. Purpose of Substation Grounding System The substation grounding system is a crucial component of the overall electrical infrastructure. Proper grounding serves two key purposes: It enables the safe dissipation …
Harmonic Voltage Factor (HVF) – Limits, Effects and Migitation
A. What is HVF? The Harmonic Voltage Factor (HVF) is a measure of the distortion in a voltage waveform caused by harmonic components. It quantifies the impact of harmonics on …
Bus Protection Considerations
Selecting an appropriate bus protection scheme requires careful consideration of several factors, including bus layout, permissible switching scenarios, availability of suitable current transformers (CTs), and maintenance requirements. High-impedance bus relaying …
Comparison of Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Standards – IEC 60898-1, IEC 60947-2 and ANSI/NEMA AB3
A. Overview of Standards IEC 60898-1 Title: Circuit breakers for overcurrent protection for household and similar installations. Scope: Primarily focused on low-voltage circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light …