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Category: Standards

Design / IEC / IEEE / Maintenance / Technology

VLF Test – Applications, Advantages and disadvantages, Alternatives and Standards

⚡ What is a VLF (Very Low Frequency) Test? Very Low Frequency (VLF) testing with Tan Delta (Loss Angle) and/or VLF withstand testing, particularly for medium voltage (MV) and high …

Design / Standards

Technical Comparison of Air-Insulated Switchgear (AIS) and Gas-Insulated Switchgear (GIS)

1. Introduction The selection of appropriate switchgear is crucial for power system reliability, safety, and efficiency. Air-Insulated Switchgear (AIS) and Gas-Insulated Switchgear (GIS) are two predominant technologies used in electrical …

Design / Safety / Standards

Technical Note: Internal Arc Protection in Electrical Systems

Introduction Internal arc protection is a critical safety measure in electrical power systems to mitigate the effects of arc faults within switchgear, transformers, and distribution panels. These faults result from …

Power Line
ANSI / Design / IEC / IEEE / Protection

Lockout Relay (ANSI Device 86) – Functions, Importance, and Standards

1. Introduction A lockout relay (LOR) is a critical component in power system protection schemes, ensuring that once a fault occurs, the affected equipment remains isolated until a manual reset …

Design / PEC / Transformers

Overcurrent Protection for Transformers According to the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC)

Transformers are essential components in electrical power systems, responsible for voltage conversion and power distribution. To ensure safety and reliability, the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) provides specific guidelines for overcurrent …

Design / Harmonics / IEC / IEEE

Comparison and Application of K-Factor Rated Transformers and Harmonic Mitigating Transformers

1. Introduction Power quality is a critical factor in modern electrical distribution systems, especially in environments with nonlinear loads. Harmonics generated by electronic devices, variable frequency drives (VFDs), and LED …

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