Harmonic Voltage Factor (HVF) – Limits, Effects and Migitation
A. What is HVF? The Harmonic Voltage Factor (HVF) is a measure of the distortion in a voltage waveform caused by harmonic components. It quantifies the impact of harmonics on …
Comparison of Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Standards – IEC 60898-1, IEC 60947-2 and ANSI/NEMA AB3
A. Overview of Standards IEC 60898-1 Title: Circuit breakers for overcurrent protection for household and similar installations. Scope: Primarily focused on low-voltage circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light …
Philippine Electrical Code – Identification of Ungrounded Conductors
The Philippine Electrical Code (PEC), provides requirements for the identification of ungrounded conductors to ensure safety and proper operation in electrical installations. These requirements are specified in Article 2.10 – …
Advantages of the TT Earthing System Over the TN Earthing System
I. Advantages TT Earthing System Reduced Fault Current Impact on the Supply Network. In a TT system, the earth fault current primarily flows through the local earth electrode, minimizing the …
Philippine Electrical Code – Equipment Grounding and Bonding
The 2017 edition of the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC), Part 1, closely aligns with the National Electrical Code (NEC) and provides specific provisions related to equipment grounding and bonding. These …
Point-on-Wave (PoW) Switching
Definition Point-on-Wave (PoW) switching is a technique used in power systems to control the precise timing of circuit breaker operations in relation to the waveform of the alternating current (AC) …