Introduction Lightning strikes pose a significant risk to structures, sensitive electronic systems, and life. In the Philippines, where thunderstorms are frequent, the need for reliable lightning protection systems (LPS) is …
1. Introduction Hazardous areas-locations with explosive atmospheres due to gases, vapors, or dust-require meticulous earthing and bonding practices to ensure electrical safety. This article outlines the requirements for hazardous area …
1. Introduction Proper grounding of generator neutrals is critical to ensure personnel safety, protect equipment, and enable effective fault detection. IEEE Std C37.101, “Guide for Generator Ground Protection,” outlines various …
1. Introduction Grounding systems in high-voltage substations—especially Gas Insulated Substations (GIS)—play a critical role in ensuring operational safety, equipment protection, and electromagnetic compatibility. Among the grounding approaches, mesh grounding is …
A. Purpose of Substation Grounding System The substation grounding system is a crucial component of the overall electrical infrastructure. Proper grounding serves two key purposes: It enables the safe dissipation …
I. Advantages TT Earthing System Reduced Fault Current Impact on the Supply Network. In a TT system, the earth fault current primarily flows through the local earth electrode, minimizing the …