Substation Earthing Design
The reliability of the entire power network largely hinges on the effective and efficient functioning of substations. Therefore, it’s fair to say that substations are the lifeblood of the whole …
Soil Resistivity and Soil Resistance
Soil Resistivity Measurement Soil Resistivity is necessary when designing the earthing (grounding) system for new installations to meet your earth (ground) resistance requirements. The ideal location would be the where …
Transmission Line Sag Calculation
Transmission line sag is a critical parameter in the design and operation of overhead power lines. It refers to the vertical distance between the lowest point of the conductor and …
Recommended Protection Relay Grading Interval
Typical Protection Relay Timing Errors Protection relay grading intervals are critical in ensuring selective coordination in power systems. The recommended protection relay grading intervals typically depend on the type of …
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
Introduction In the early days of radio and telegraph communications, it was known that a spark gap generates electromagnetic waves that can cause interference or noise in various electronic and …
Selection of AC Short-circuit Protective Devices and Equipment
Industrial power distribution system shall be designed to have an adequate protection from all short-cirruit. The maximum short-circuit current at any point of the system should be less than the …