Abstract Hazardous areas, particularly those containing flammable gases, vapors, or dust, are highly susceptible to ignition from lightning-induced transients. Ensuring proper lightning protection in such environments is not only a …
1. Introduction Proper grounding of generator neutrals is critical to ensure personnel safety, protect equipment, and enable effective fault detection. IEEE Std C37.101, “Guide for Generator Ground Protection,” outlines various …
Abstract The global push for clean and sustainable energy has increased the adoption of renewable energy systems, notably solar photovoltaic (PV) technology. However, the intermittency and variability of solar energy …
1. Introduction Grounding systems in high-voltage substations—especially Gas Insulated Substations (GIS)—play a critical role in ensuring operational safety, equipment protection, and electromagnetic compatibility. Among the grounding approaches, mesh grounding is …
In the realm of high-voltage electrical installations, safety, reliability, and harmonization of standards are paramount. The IEC 61936-1 standard plays a crucial role in achieving these goals, particularly in guiding …
Introduction Neutral earthing is a critical design aspect of high-voltage (HV) generators, ensuring safe operation, effective fault detection, and minimized damage during earth faults. Two common methods are neutral earthing …