I. What is Selectivity? Selection of the protection system of the electrical installation is fundamental to guarantee correct economical and functional service of the whole installation and to reduce the …
I. Causes Surge voltages and surge currents occurring in low-voltage ac power circuits can be caused by: Lightning surges. Lightning surges are the result of a direct flash to the …
In a power system, almost always three phase fault current is higher than the earth-fault current. However, earth fault current near the generator is higher than three phase fault. What …
Introduction Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCBs) are used as protection devices to ensure safe operation of electrical circuits against overload, short circuit, and ground faults. MCCBs are used in residential …
The most important international standard for substation automation systems is IEC 61850 and its related standards. The installation of IEDs in substations, when combined with IEC61850, enables interoperability, flexibility, and …
The terms “Chartered Professional Engineer” and “Registered Professional Engineer” can vary in meaning depending on the context and the specific profession or industry. Generally, these terms are often used in …