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Posted in Design on April 15th, 2024

Understanding the Concept of Earthing In Electric Power System

Note: This is a paper published in the IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE), Volume 11, Issue 3 Ver. III (May. – Jun. 2016), pp. 29-33 Earthing is the concept of connecting a thing to the earth (or ground). In Power systems engineering, earthing is the one concept that cannot be dispensed with. Generators, reactors...
Posted in AS / Design / IEEE / PEC / Standards on April 3rd, 2024

Compliance to Statutory Laws

I was reminded of this article which I have written about many years ago when I attended some product presentations about variable speed drives. What catch my attention most was the closing words of the presenter that he just hate AS 3000 because most of his clients want him to comply with that standard, which is...
Posted in Automation / Design on April 1st, 2024

Electrical Engineers and Digital Technologies

Electrical Engineers play a crucial role in the development and implementation of digital technology. Digital technology encompasses a wide range of applications including computer systems, telecommunications, digital signal processing, control systems, and more. Electrical engineers are involved in designing, testing, and improving digital systems to meet various requirements and specifications.

Communication Systems

Digital technology has revolutionized communication systems, enabling high-speed data...
Posted in Design on March 20th, 2024

Selection of System Voltage

The selection of utilization and distribution voltage levels is one of the most important considerations in power system design. System voltages usually affect the economics of equipment selection and plant expansion more than any other single factor. It behooves the power system engineer to consider carefully the problem when designing the distribution system.

Voltage Classes

The various voltage...
Posted in Design on March 10th, 2024

Low-voltage Circuit Breaker Distribution Systems

High Capacity Service Entrance

High capacity service entrances are those installations having continuous current ratings above 600 amperes and available fault currents up to 130kA rms symmetrical amperes at 240 volts and 85kA at 460 volts. The continuous-current requirements for this service entrance are usually beyond the capacity of molded-case circuit breakers, hence metal-enclosed switchgear with its higher capacity circuit...
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Tutorials

MVA Method

At this times where supercomputers could fit into a mobile phone and utility softwares are always available to do particular tasks, most Electrical Engineers tend to forget how to implement …

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Short Circuit Study
What is a Short Circuit Study? A short circuit study calculates the short circuit capacity at designated locations within a...
MVA Method Short Circuit Calculation
A Short Circuit Study is an important tool in determining the ratings of electrical equipment to be installed...
MVA Method Load Flow Calculation
In previous tutorials for the MVA method, we have discussed the importance of Short Circuit Study, combining KVAs and...
MVA Method for 3-Winding Transformer
In previous tutorials, the examples provided were mostly for 2-winding transformers. In this tutorial, fault calculations for a 3-winding...
Complex MVA Method – Part 3
In Part 2, we have seen how to combine MVAs connected...
Complex MVA Method
The normal MVA method, despite its simplicity, provides only an approximate solution to determine the fault levels in a...
Complex MVA Method – Part 2
After presenting the equations that we will be using for the Complex MVA Method in Complex MVA Method – Part 4
In Part 1, Part 2, and Part...
Combining KVAs
KVAs in series. The total KVAs in series (KVAtotal) is the reciprocal sum or inverse sum of all series...

Cable Selection

Cable Selection – Single Phase Earth Conductor Sizes Fault Loop Impedance High Voltage Cable Selection – Underground Cables Selection for Motors

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Cable Selection – Single Phase
Note: This will be the first of a series of tutorials for the selection of cables. The objective of this...
Fault Loop Impedance
Note: This is the second part of a series of tutorials for cable selection. We have done cable selection based...
Cables Selection for Motors
When selecting a suitable cable size for a motor, there are more parameters to consider than when selecting cables...
High Voltage Underground Cable Selection
Unlike the other Cable Selection tutorials which deals with low voltage (LV) cables,...
Earthing Conductor Sizes
The following table lists the recommended minimum sizes of earthing conductors. Note: This serves only as a guide, calculations are...
Arc Flash Hazards
It's not too long ago that arc flash hazards has become an important part of electrical design. More clients...
IEEE 1584 Arc Flash Calculations
IEEE 1584 provides empirical formulas for determining arcing fault current, flash protection boundaries, and incident energy. The formulas are...
Time-Current Curves Using Excel – Part 1
In these articles, I have discussed the methodology on how to create time-current curves using excel.
  1. Creating Coordination Curves...
Time-Current Curves
Discrimination & coordination using Time-Current Curves
  1. TC Curves Part 1 - Introduction
  2. Time-Current Curve Part 2 – Discrimination
    In Part 1, I have discussed the basics of using excel in plotting time-current curves. In...
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Design Guides

This design guide is intended provide typical electrical installation scenarios with each scenario to include compliance to standards. As their are many ways of complying with standards,this design guide is prepared to suit the minimum standards requirements.

While design principles equally applies to larger and more projects, this design guide will not attempt to address the design needs of those installations.

Philippine Electrical Code

PEC 2009

A Design Guide according to the Philippines Electrical Code is available at Filipino Engineer Wiki

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